【综合文库】
事高强度的体力活动的情况下。”
（估计有15%的男性长跑运动员铁含量低。）比尔德和其他专家都说，对这些人而言，最好每年验一次血，以测定血液中的铁含量。
如果铁含量低，就要去看医生，以确定是否该通过调整饮食或服用铁质补剂来校正不足。一般说来，解决问题的最好方法是在食谱中增加含铁丰富的食物，因为铁质补剂可能存在严重缺陷。“服用铁质补剂可能使人想呕吐，有时甚至还会引起中毒。最好的铁来源，以及唯一最易为身体所吸收的铁来源，是肉、鸡和鱼。其他较好的铁质来源包括枣、豆类和一些多叶绿色蔬菜。”
“选择那些标有?加铁?字样的面包和麦片，” 运动营养专家南希·克拉克写道，
“这些增加的铁质补充了谷物中自然含铁量的不足。将这些食物与含有大量维生素C的食物一起食用──比如吃麦片时喝橘子汁，或在三明治内夹上番茄──可以促进铁质吸收。”克拉克还建议用铁锅烹食，因为烹调过程中食物能从铁锅中吸收铁质。
她写道，“在铁锅内烹煮了3个小时的番茄汁，其铁含量大大提高，增加到原来的30倍左右。” 她说，铁含量可能低的人，吃饭时应避免喝咖啡或饮茶，因为这些饮料中所含的物质会妨碍身体对铁质的吸收。
“运动女性应特别注意选择饮食。”普渡大学的莱尔总结说：
“如果你在铁含量流失之前就注意到了警告信号，你就可以在它真正成为问题之前弥补铁质的不足
第三单元 Where Principles Come First
The Hyde School operates on the principle that if you teach students the merit of such values as truth, courage, integrity, leadership, curiosity and concern, then academic achievement naturally follows. Hyde School founder Joseph Gauld claims success with the program at the $18,000-a-year high school in Bath, Maine, which has received considerable publicity for its work with troubled youngsters.
\don"t see ourselves as a school for a type of kid,\Malcolm Gauld, Joseph"s son, who graduated from Hyde and is now headmaster. \of life — by cultivating a comprehensive set of principles that can affect all kids.
Now, Joe Gauld is trying to spread his controversial Character First idea to public, inner-city schools willing to use the tax dollars spent on the traditional program for the new approach. The first Hyde public school program opened in September 1992. Within months the program was suspended. Teachers protested the program"s demands and the strain associated with more intense work.
This fall, the Hyde Foundation is scheduled to begin a preliminary public school program in Baltimore. Teachers will be trained to later work throughout the entire Baltimore system. Other US school managers are eyeing the program, too. Last fall, the Hyde Foundation opened a magnet program within a public high school in the suburbs of New Haven, Connecticut, over parents" protests. The community feared the school would attract inner-city minority and troubled students.As in Maine the quest for truth is also widespread at the school in Connecticut. In one English class, the 11 students spend the last five minutes in an energetic exchange evaluating their class performance for the day on a 1-10 scale.
\get a 10.\ \challenge that. You didn"t do either your grammar or your spelling homework.\\a seven.\\ou ought to get a six.\ \I put my best effort forth here.\ \eah, but you didn"t ask questions today.\
Explaining his approach to education, Joe Gauld says the conventional education system
cannot be reformed. He notes \automobile\on character, not intelligence or wealth. Conscience and hard work are valued. Success is measured by growth, not academic achievement. Students are required to take responsibility for each other. To avoid the controversy of other character programs used in US schools, Gauld says the concept of doing your best has nothing to do with forcing the students to accept a particular set of morals or religious values.
The Hyde curriculum is similar to conventional schools that provide preparation for college, complete with English, history, math and science. But all students are required to take performing arts and sports, and provide a community service. For each course, students get a grade for academic achievement and for \effort\At Bath, 97% of the graduates attend four-year colleges. Commitment among parents is a key ingredient in the Hyde mixture. For the student to gain admission, parents also must agree to accept and demonstrate the school"s philosophies and outlook. The parents agree in writing to meet monthly in one of 20 regional groups, go to a yearly three-day regional retreat, and spend at least three times a year in workshops, discussion groups and seminars at Bath. Parents of Maine students have an attendance rate of 95% in the many sessions. Joe and Malcolm Gauld both say children tend to do their utmost when they see their parents making similar efforts. The biggest obstacle for many parents, they say, is to realize their own weaknesses.
The process for public school parents is still being worked out, with a lot more difficulty because it is difficult to convince parents that it is worthwhile for them to participate. Of the 100 students enrolled in New Haven, about 30% of the parents attend special meetings. The low attendance is in spite of commitments they made at the outset of the program when Hyde officials interviewed 300 families.
Once the problems are worked out, Hyde should work well in public schools, says a teacher at Bath who taught for 14 years in public schools. He is optimistic that once parents make a commitment to the program, they will be daily role models for their children, unlike parents whose children are in boarding schools.
One former inner-city high school teacher who now works in the New Haven program, says teachers also benefit. \each student. Our focus is really about teacher to student and then we together deal with the…academics. In the traditional high school setting, it"s teacher to the material and then to the student.\teacher-student relationship is taken even further at Hyde. Faculty evaluations are conducted by the students.
Jimmy DiBattista, 19, is amazed he will graduate this May from the Bath campus and plans to attend a university. Years ago, he had seen his future as \his first days at Hyde.
\don"t want to deal with you. "I came here and they said, "We kind of like that spirit. We don"t like it with the negative attitudes. We want to turn that spirit positive."\
海德中学的办学宗旨是：如果你向学生传授诸如求真、勇敢、正直、领导能力、好奇心和关心他人等美德的话，学生的学习成绩自然就会提高。
该校的创始人约瑟夫·高尔德声称学校的教学很成功。海德中学位于缅因州巴思市，每年的学费高达1.8万美元，因其教导问题少年有方而闻名遐迩。
“我们并不把自己看作一所专为某一类孩子而开设的学校，”马尔科姆·高尔德说。他是约瑟夫的儿子，毕业于海德中学，现任海德中学校长。
“我们把帮助孩子培养一种生活方式看作自己的职责，办法是倡导一整套能影响所有孩子的价值观念。”
现在，乔·高尔德(约瑟夫·高尔德)正试图将他尚有争议的“品德第一”的理念向旧xxx的公立学校推广。这些学校愿意将用于传统教学计划的税金用于实施这一新的教学方法。海德公立学校第一个教学计划始于1992年9月。
但几个月后，该计划即告暂停。
教师们对教学计划的高要求以及高强度工作所带来的压力表示抗议。今年秋天，海德基金会计划在巴尔的摩启动初步的公立学校教学计划。教师要接受培训，以便今后能在整个巴尔的摩体系内胜任工作。美国其他学校的领导们也在关注这个教学计划。
去年秋天，在家长的一片抗议声中，海德基金会在康涅狄格州纽黑文市郊区的一所中学内启动了一个引人注目的教学计划。
当地居民担心该校可能招进来旧xxx的少数民族学生和问题学生。就像在缅因州那样，求真也在康涅狄格州的这所中学得到广泛推崇。
在一堂英语课上，11名学生用最后的5分钟展开激烈的讨论，依照1－10的评分标准相互评价他们当天的课堂表现。“我得10分。”
“我有意见。你既没做语法作业，也没做拼写练习。”“那好，就7分吧。”
“你只能得6分。”
“等等，我可是全力以赴的。”“是的，可你今天没提问。”
在解释自己的教育方法时，乔·高尔德指出，对传统的教育体制不能只是改革。
他说“无论怎样改革”，用马和马车“是改革不出汽车的”。
海德中学认为“每一个人都有自己的独特潜能”，这种潜能的基础是品格而不是智力或财富。良知和苦干受到推崇。
成功由不断进步来衡量，而不是由学习成绩来评定。学生必须相互负责。
为了避免美国中学使用的其他品格培养方案所引发的争议，高尔德解释说，“全力以赴”这一概念并不是要强迫学生接受某一套道德原则或宗教观念。
海德中学的课程与那些为升入大学做准备的传统学校所开设的课程相似，包括英语、历史、数学和自然科学。
但所有的学生都必须选修表演艺术和体育，还要提供社区服务。
在每门课程中，学生都会得到一个综合了学习成绩和“努力程度”的分数。在巴思市，97%的海德中学毕业生都升入了大学本科。
在海德中学的综合教育中，父母的参与是一个关键的组成部分。
为了使孩子被该校录取，家长也必须同意接受并实践学校的思想和观点。
家长们签约同意每月出席一次区域小组会议(共20个区域小组)，每年去区域休养所三天，每年至少参加三次巴思市的研修班、讨论组和研讨会。在很多活动中，缅因州学生家长的出席率高达95%。
乔和马尔科姆·高尔德都说，当孩子们见到自己的父母都在全力以赴时，他们也会竭尽全力。他们说，对许多家长而言，最困难的是让他们意识到自己的不足。
公立学校学生家长的活动计划仍在制定之中。这项工作的困难要大得多，因为很难使家长相信他们的参与很有价值。
在纽黑文市录取的100名学生中，有30%左右的家长出席了各类特别会议。
这一低出席率违背了他们在教学计划开始实施时所做的承诺，当时海德中学的官员曾与300个家庭进行了面谈。
巴思市一名在公立学校教书达14年之久的教师说，一旦问题得到解决，海德教学计划就会在公立学校中获得成功。
他乐观地认为，一旦家长们投入到计划当中，他们就会成为孩子们日常行为的榜样，这与寄宿学校的学生家长完全不同。
一名曾任教于旧xxx学校的教师如今在从事纽黑文教学计划。他说，教师也能从中受益。“在这里，我们真正开始集中精力与每一个学生建立卓有成效的关系。我们的重点真的是先考虑师生关系，然后是师生共同探讨学业。
而在传统的中学里，是先考虑教师和教材的关系，然后再考虑师生关系。”师生关系在海德中学被进一步深化了。
对教职员工的评估由学生来进行。
19岁的吉米·迪巴蒂斯塔今年5月将从巴思校区毕业，并准备升入大学。对此他感到惊奇。几年前，他还觉得自己的前途“是在监狱，而不是在大学”。迪巴蒂斯塔还记得他刚到海德中学时的情景。“我来这儿时，见人就侮辱，就咒骂。
其他每所学校都会说：?滚出去！我们这儿不要你。?
我来到这儿，他们却说：?我们有几分喜欢这种活力，但并不喜欢它消极的一面，我们要将它转化成积极的东西。?”
第四单元 Five Famous Symbols of American CultureThe Statue of Liberty
In the mid-1870s, French artist Frederic Auguste Bartholdi was working on an enormous project called Liberty Enlightening the World, a monument celebrating US independence and the France-America alliance. At the same time, he was in love with a woman whom he had met in Canada. His mother could not approve of her son"s affection for a woman she had never met, but Bartholdi went ahead and married his love in 1876.
That same year Bartholdi had assembled the statue"s right arm and torch, and displayed them in Philadelphia. It is said that he had used his wife"s arm as the model, but felt her face was too beautiful for the statue. He needed someone whose face represented suffering yet strength, someone more severe than beautiful. He chose his mother.
The Statue of Liberty was dedicated on an island in Upper New York Bay in 1886. It had his mother"s face and his wife"s body, but Bartholdi called it \
Barbie
Before all the different types of Barbie dolls for sale now, there was just a single Barbie. Actually, her name was Barbara.
Barbara Handler was the daughter of Elliot and Ruth Handler, co-founders of the Mattel Toy Company. Ruth came up with the idea for Barbie after watching her daughter play with paper dolls. The three-dimensional model for Barbie was a German doll — a joke gift for adults described as having the appearance of \decent, all-American — although with an exaggerated breast size — version and named it after Barbara, who was then a teenager.
Since her introduction in 1959, Barbie has become the universally recognized Queen of the Dolls. Mattel says the average American girl owns ten Barbie dolls, and two are sold somewhere in the world every second.
Now more than sixty years old, Barbara — who declines interviews but is said to have loved the doll - may be the most famous unknown figure on the planet.
Barbie"s boyfriend, Ken, was introduced in 1961 and named after Barbara"s brother. The real Ken, who died in 1994, was disgusted by the doll that made his family famous. \children to play with it,\
American Gothic Grant Wood instantly rose to fame in 1930 with his painting American Gothic, an often-copied interpretation of the solemn pride of American farmers. The painting shows a serious-looking man and a woman standing in front of a farmhouse. He was strongly influenced by medieval artists and inspired by the Gothic window of an old farmhouse, but the faces in his composition were what captured the world"s attention.
Wood liked to paint faces he knew well. For the grave farmer he used his dentist, a sour-looking man. For the woman standing alongside him, the artist chose his sister, Nan. He stretched the models" necks a bit, but there was no doubt who posed for the portrait.
Nan later remarked that the fame she gained from American Gothic saved her from a very boring life.
The Buffalo Nickel
Today, American coins honor prominent figures of the US government — mostly famous former presidents. But the Buffalo nickel, produced from 1913 to 1938, honored a pair of connected tragedies from the settlement of the American frontier — the destruction of the buffalo herds and the American Indians.
While white people had previously been used as models for most American coins, famed artist James Earle Fraser went against tradition by using three actual American Indians as models for his creation.
For the buffalo on the other side, since buffalo no longer wandered about the great grasslands, Fraser was forced to sketch an aging buffalo from New York City"s Central Park Zoo. Two years later, in 1915, this animal was sold for $100 and killed for meat, a hide, and a wall decoration made from its horns.
Uncle Sam
Fourteen-year-old Sam Wilson ran away from home to join his father and older brothers in the fight to liberate the American colonies from the British during the American Revolution. At age 23, he started a meatpacking business and earned a reputation for being honest and hard working.
During a later war in 1812, Wilson gained a position inspecting meat for US Army forces,
新视野大学英语第二版读写教程3原文及翻译
第一单元 Love without limitations
My brother, Jimmy, did not get enough oxygen during a difficult delivery, leaving him with brain damage, and two years later I was born. Since then, my life revolved around my brother?s. Accompanying my growing up was always “go out and play and take your brother with you”. I couldn?t go anywhere without him, so I urged the neighborhood kids to come to my house for some out-of-control kid-centered fun.
My mother taught Jimmy practical things like how to brush his teeth or put on belt. My father, a saint, simply held the house together with his patience and understanding. I was in charge outside where I administered justice by tracking down the parents of the kids who picked on my brother, and telling on them.
My father and Jimmy were inseparable. They ate breakfast together and on weekdays drove off to the navy shipping center every morning where they both worked-Jimmy unloaded color-coded boxes. At night after dinner, they would talk and play games late into the evening. They even whistled the same tunes.
So when my father died of a heart attack in 1991, Jimmy was a wreck, beneath his careful disguise. He was simply in disbelief. Usually very agreeable, he now quit speaking altogether and no amount of words could penetrate the vacant expression he wore on his face. I hired someone to live with him and drive him to work, but no matter how much I tried to make things stay the same, even Jimmy grasped that the world he?d known was gone. One day I asked, ”You miss Dad, don?t you?” His lips quivered and then he asked, “What do you think, Margaret? He was my best friend.” Our tears began flow.
My mother died of lung cancer six months later and I alone was left to look after Jimmy. He didn?t adjust to going to work without my father right away, so he came and lived with me in New York City for a while. He went wherever I went and seemed to adjust pretty well. Still, Jimmy longed to live in my parents? house and work at his old job and I pledged to help him return. Eventually, I was able to work it out. He has lived there for 11 years now with many different caretakers and blossomed on his own. He has become essential to the neighborhood. When you have any mail to be picked up or your dog needs walking, he is your man.
My mother was right, of course: It was possible to have a home with room for both his limitations and my ambitions. In fact, caring for someone who loves as deeply and appreciates my efforts as much as Jimmy does has enriched my life more than anything else ever could have.
This hit home a few days after the September 11th disaster on Jimmy?s 57th birthday. I had a party for him in my home in New York, but none of our family could join us because travel was difficult and they were still reckoning with the sheer terror the disaster had brought. I called on my faithful friends to help make it a merry and festive occasion, ignoring the fact that most of them were emotionally drained and exhausted. Instead of the customary “No gifts, please”, I shouted, “Gifts! Please!”
My friends-people Jimmy had come to know over the years-brought the ideal presents: country music CDs, a sweatshirt, one leather belt with “J-I-M-M-Y” on it, a knitted wool hat and a cowboy costume. The evening led up to the gifts and then the chocolate cake from his favorite bakery, and of course the ceremony wasn?t complete without the singing.
A thousand times Jimmy asked, ”Is it time for the cake yet?” After dinner and the gifts
Jimmy could no longer be restrained. He anxiously waited for the candles to be lit and then blew them out with one long breath as well all sang “Happy birthday”. Jimmy wasn?t satisfied with our effort, though. He jumped up on the chair and stood erect pointing both index fingers into the air to conduct us and yelled, ”One…more…time!” We sang with all of the energy left in our souls and when we were finished he put both his thumbs up and shouted. “ That was super!”
We had wanted to let him know that no matter how difficult things got in the world, there would always be people who cared about him. We ended up reminding ourselves instead. For Jimmy, the love with which we sang was a welcome bonus, but mostly he had just wanted to see everyone else happy again.
Just as my father?s death had changed Jimmy?s world overnight, September 11th changed our lives; the world we?d known was gone. But, as we sang for Jimmy and held each tight afterward praying for peace around the world, we were reminded that the constant love and support of our friends and family would get us through whatever life might present. The simplicity with which Jimmy had reconciled everything for us should not have been surprising. There had never been limitations to what Jimmy?s love could accomplish.
我哥哥吉米出生时遇上难产，因为缺氧导致大脑受损。两年后，我出生了。
从此以后，我的生活便围绕我哥哥转。
伴随我成长的，是“到外面去玩，把你哥哥也带上。”
不带上他，我是哪里也去不了的。因此，我怂恿邻居的孩子到我家来，尽情地玩孩子们玩的游戏。
我母亲教吉米学习日常自理，比如刷牙或系皮带什么的。
我父亲宅心仁厚，他的耐心和理解使一家人心贴着心。我则负责外面的事，找到那些欺负我哥哥的孩子们的父母，告他们的状，为我哥哥讨回公道。父亲和吉米形影不离。
他们一道吃早饭，平时每天早上一道开车去海军航运中心，他们都在那里工作，吉米在那搬卸标有彩色代号的箱子。
晚饭后，他们一道交谈，玩游戏，直到深夜。
他们甚至用口哨吹相同的曲调。
所以，父亲1991年因心脏病去世时，吉米几乎崩溃了，尽管他尽量不表现出来。他就是不能相信父亲去世这一事实。
通常，他是一个令人愉快的人，现在却一言不发，无论说多少话都不能透过他木然的脸部表情了解他的心事。
我雇了一个人和他住在一起，开车送他去上班。然而，不管我怎么努力地维持原状，吉米还是认为他熟悉的世界已经消失了。
有一天，我问他：“你是不是想念爸爸？”
他的嘴唇颤抖了几下，然后问我：“你怎么看，玛格丽特？他是我最好的朋友。”接着，我俩都流下了眼泪。
六个月后，母亲因肺癌去世，剩下我一人来照顾吉米。
吉米不能马上适应去上班时没有父亲陪着，因此搬来纽约和我一起住了一段时间。我走到哪里他就跟到哪里，他好像适应得很好。
但吉米依然想住在我父母的房子里，继续干他原来的工作。我答应把他送回去。此事最后做成了。
如今，他在那里生活了11年，在许多人的照料下，同时依靠自己生活得有声有色。他已成了邻里间不可或缺的人物。
如果你有邮件要收，或有狗要遛，他就是你所要的人。
当然，母亲的话没错：可以有一个家，既能容纳他的缺陷又能装下我的雄心。
事实上，关照像吉米这样一个深爱又感激我的人，更加丰富了我的生活，其他任何东西都不能与之相比。
这一点，在9·11灾难后几天更显真切。那天是吉米57岁生日。
我在纽约自己的家里为他举办生日宴会，但是我们家的人都没能来参加，因为交通困难，而且灾难带来的恐惧使他们依然心有余悸。
我邀请了我的好友，请他们来帮忙把宴会弄得热闹些，增加点欢快气氛，没去理会他们多数人在情感上都有些疲惫这一事实。
于是我一反常态，没说“请不要带礼物”，而是向他们喊“请带礼物来”。
我的朋友──吉米认识他们多年了──带来了中意的礼物：乡村音乐CD、一件长袖运动衫、一条有“吉米”字样的皮带、一顶编织的羊毛帽，还有一套牛仔服。
那天晚上，我们先是送礼物，然后是切从他喜欢的面包店里买来的巧克力蛋糕，当然还唱了“生日歌”，否则宴会就不算完整了。
吉米一次次地问：“该切蛋糕了吧？”
等用完餐和送完礼物后，吉米再也控制不住了。
他焦急地等着点上蜡烛，然后在我们“生日快乐”的歌声中，一口长气吹灭了蜡烛。户然而吉米对我们的努力还是感到不满足。
他纵身跳到椅子上，直挺着身子，双手食指朝天，一边喊一边指挥我们唱歌：“再──来──次！” 我们全力以赴地唱。待我们唱完时，他翘起两个拇指喊道：“好极了！”
本来我们想让他知道，无论世上有多难的事情，总有人来关心他。现在反倒是提醒了我们自己。对于吉米来说，我们唱歌时的爱心，是他心中额外的礼物，但是他原先最想看到的，是别人再次感到快乐。
犹如父亲的去世一夜之间改变了吉米的世界，9.11也改变了我们的生活；我们熟悉的世界很不付存在了。但是i，当我们为几米唱歌，相互紧拥，祈祷全球和平时，我们也意识到，朋友·家人间永恒的爱和支持可以让我们克服生活中的各种困难。几米的以朴素的方式为我们协调了眼前的一切，他做到这一点并不令人吃惊。几米的爱可以征服一切，这是任何东西都限制不了的。
第二单元 Iron and the Effects of Exercise
Sports medicine experts have observed for years that endurance athletes, particularly females, frequently have iron deficiencies. Now a new study by a team of Purdue University researchers suggests that even moderate exercise may lead to reduced iron in the blood of women.
\inactive and then started a program of moderate exercise showed evidence of iron loss,\study of 62 formerly inactive women who began exercising three times a week for six months was published in the journal Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.
\who consumed additional meat or took iron supplements were able to bounce back,\notes. \the new exercisers who followed their normal diet showed a decrease in iron levels.\
Iron deficiency is very common among women in general, affecting one in four female teenagers and one in five women aged 18 to 45, respectively. But the ratio is even greater among active women, affecting up to 80 percent of female endurance athletes. This means, Lyle says, that \many women ignore the amount of iron they take in\Women of child-bearing age are at greatest risk, since their monthly bleeding is a major source of iron loss. Plus, many
health-conscious women increase their risk by rejecting red meat, which contains the most easily absorbed form of iron. And because women often restrict their diet in an effort to control weight, they may not consume enough iron-rich food, and are liable to experience a deficiency.
\notes another expert. \iron loss from exercise may be enough to tip her over the edge into a more serious deficiency,\expert.
Exercise can result in iron loss through a variety of mechanisms. Some iron is lost in sweat, and, for unknown reasons, intense endurance exercise is sometimes associated with bleeding of the digestive system. Athletes in high-impact sports such as running may also lose iron through a phenomenon where small blood vessels in the feet leak blood.
There are three stages of iron deficiency. The first and most common is having low iron reserves, a condition that typically has no symptoms. Fatigue and poor performance may begin to appear in the second stage of deficiency, when not enough iron is present to form the molecules of blood protein that transport oxygen to the working muscles. In the third and final stage, people often feel weak, tired, and out of breath — and exercise performance is severely compromised.\John L. Beard, who helped design the Purdue study. \ou"re not stage 3 until your iron reserves go to zero, and if you wait until that point, you"re in trouble.\
However, most people with low iron reserves don"t know they have a deficiency, because traditional methods of calculating the amount of iron in blood (by checking levels of the blood protein that transports oxygen) are not sufficient, Beard states. Instead, it"s important to check levels of a different compound, which indicates the amount of storage of iron in the blood. While active, child-bearing age women are most likely to have low iron stores, he notes, \safe, especially if they don"t eat meat and have a high level of physical activity.\percent of male long distance runners have low iron stores.) Beard and other experts say it"s advisable for people in these groups to have a yearly blood test to check blood iron reserves.If iron levels are low, talk with a physician to see if the deficiency should be corrected by modifying your diet or by taking supplements. In general, it"s better to undo the problem by adding more iron-rich foods to the diet, because iron supplements can have serious shortcomings. Supplements may produce a feeling of wanting to throw up, and may be poisonous in some cases. The best sources of iron, and the only sources of the form of iron most readily absorbed by the body, are meat, chicken, and fish. Good sources of other forms of iron include dates, beans, and some leafy green vegetables.
\Nancy Clark. \these foods with plentiful Vitamin C (for example, drink orange juice with cereal or put a tomato on a sandwich) to enhance the amount of iron absorbed.\pans, as food can derive iron from the pan during the cooking process. \sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours showed a striking increase, the level going up nearly 30 times,\tea with meals, she says, since substances in these drinks can interfere with iron being absorbed into the body.
\
Lyle. \you pay attention to warning signs before iron reserves are gone, you can remedy the deficiency before it really becomes a problem.\
运动医学专家经过多年的观察，发现耐力运动员，特别是女性，经常会缺铁。普渡大学研究人员进行的一项新的研究表明：即使是适度的锻炼，也可能会降低女性血液中的铁含量。
“我们发现，那些通常不运动的女性一旦开始适度的锻炼，就会出现铁含量下降的迹象，”普渡大学罗斯安妮·M. 莱尔副教授说。
她对62名妇女进行了研究，并将研究结果发表在《体育运动医学与科学》杂志上。这些妇女原先不怎么运动，后来开始了为期6个月、每周3次的锻炼。
莱尔指出：“那些增食肉类食品或服用铁质补剂的女性能够恢复到健康状态。但突然参加锻炼却仍沿用旧食谱的人则显示出铁含量降低。”
缺铁在女性中是很常见的，每四个十几岁的少女中有一人缺铁，每五个18至45岁的女性中有一人缺铁。
而在积极锻炼的妇女中这一比例更高，女耐力运动员中，缺铁者比例则高达80%。莱尔说，这意味着 “太多女性忽视了自己摄入的铁含量”。育龄女性危险最大，因为月经是铁流失的重要原因之一。
此外，许多保健意识太强的女性也很危险，因为她们拒绝食用牛肉或羊肉，而这些肉中含有的铁最易被吸收。
而且，由于女性常常为了控制体重而节食，从而未能摄取足够的含铁丰富的食物，结果可能导致缺铁。
另一名专家指出，“普通女性每天摄入的铁只是应摄入量的三分之二。”
他指出，“对于那些已经缺铁的女性，任何因锻炼而产生的更多铁质流失都足以导致体内缺铁状况的恶化。”
运动可能通过多种机制导致铁流失。
有些铁随汗液流失。另外，由于某些未知的原因，高强度的耐力运动有时会引起消化系统内出血。
运动员从事跑步之类高强度剧烈运动，也可能会因为足部血管失血的现象而使铁质流失。缺铁分为三个阶段：
第一也即最常见的阶段，是铁质储量不足。这一阶段一般没有症状。到了缺铁的第二阶段，就会出现疲倦和力不从心，此时体内已没有足够的铁来形成血蛋白分子，将氧输至运动肌肉。
在第三即最后阶段，人常常感到虚弱、疲乏无力、喘不过气，运动成绩大打折扣。“人们认为，只要不到第三阶段就不会有什么问题。这种想法是不对的。” 帮助设计普渡大学研究的约翰·L. 比尔德说。
“只有当你的铁储量为零时，你才会进入第三阶段。而你若坐等到这个时候，你的麻烦就大了。”
然而，比尔德指出，大多数铁质储量低的人并未意识到自己缺铁，因为传统的检测血液中铁含量的方法──检验血液中输送氧气的血蛋白的含量──是不够的。
其实，有必要检查血液中另一种混合成分的含量，它可以显示血液中的铁含量。他还指出，虽然积极锻炼的育龄妇女最有可能铁含量低，“但男性也并非不缺铁，尤其是在他们不吃肉类而又从
working with a man who had signed a contract with the government to provide meat to the army. Barrels of meat supplied to the army were stamped \country of origin (US). According to one story, when a government official visited the plant and asked about the letters, a creative employee told him \was short for \Sam\Wilson. Soon soldiers were saying all Army supplies were from \
After the war, a character called Uncle Sam began appearing in political cartoons, his form evolving from an earlier cartoon character called Brother Jonathan that was popular during the American Revolution. Uncle Sam soon replaced Brother Jonathan as American"s most popular symbol. The most enduring portrait of Uncle Sam was created by artist James Montgomery Flagg in his famous army recruiting posters of World Wars I and II. That version — a tall man with white hair and a small white beard on his chin, a dark blue coat and a tall hat with stars on it — was a self-portrait of Flagg.自由女神像
19世纪70年代中期，法国艺术家弗里德里克·奥古斯特·巴托尔迪正在设计一个大项目，名为“自由照耀世界”。这是一座庆祝美国独立和美法联盟的纪念碑。与此同时，他爱上了一位他在加拿大认识的女子。他母亲不赞成自己的儿子和一个她没有见过的女子恋爱，然而巴托尔迪不为所动，和心中所爱于1876年结为伉俪。同年，巴托尔迪组装完雕像的右臂和火炬，并将它们陈列在费城。
据说，他用了妻子的手臂为模本，但觉得她的脸太漂亮，不适合做雕像模本。他需要这样一个女人：面容沧桑却不失坚定，庄重多于美丽。他选择了自己的母亲。
1886年，自由女神像在纽约湾北部落成。
雕像综合了他母亲的脸和他妻子的身材，不过巴托尔迪称之为“我的女儿，自由之神”。芭比娃娃
在现今销售的各式各样的芭比娃娃之前，原本部门只有一种芭比娃娃。实际上，她的名字叫芭芭拉。
芭芭拉·汉德勒是马特尔玩具公司的联合创始人艾略特和鲁思·汉德勒夫妇的女儿。鲁思是在见到女儿玩纸娃娃之后才想到做芭比娃娃的。
芭比娃娃的三维模特是一个德国洋娃娃，一个哄成年人开心的礼物，被描绘成具有“风尘女子”的模样。
马特尔公司将这个娃娃做了一番改造，变成了体面而地道的美国版本，尽管胸围有些夸张。它以当时10多岁的少女芭芭拉的名字命名。
自从1959年面世，芭比娃娃就成了全球公认的“娃娃女王”。
马特尔公司说，一般的美国女孩拥有10个芭比娃娃，全球每秒钟就有两个芭比娃娃售出。如今芭芭拉已有60多岁了，她拒绝接受采访，但据说她非常喜欢芭比娃娃。她可能是当今世上最著名的不为人知的人物了。
1961年，芭比娃娃的男朋友面世，按芭芭拉的弟弟肯的名字命名。真正的肯于1994年去世。他对令自己全家名扬天下的娃娃极为厌恶。他在1993年说：“我可不想让我的孩子玩这洋娃娃。”《美国哥特人》
1930年，格兰特·伍德因其画作《美国哥特人》一举成名。此画体现了美国农民庄严的自豪，常常被人复制。
画面展示了一位神色严肃的男子和一位女子站立在农舍之前。伍德深受中世纪艺术家的影响，他的灵感来自于一所古老农舍的哥特式窗户，但最令世界注目的是画中人物的脸。伍德喜欢画他熟悉的脸。
为画神色严肃的农夫，他选择了他那表情木讷的牙医，至于站在他身边的农妇，他选择了自己的姐姐南。
他把模特的脖子稍稍画长了一些，但无疑能看出谁是画像的原型。
南后来说道，《美国哥特人》带给她的名誉使她摆脱了一种非常乏味的生活。野牛镍币
今天，美国的硬币都用来纪念美国政府的杰出人物，其中大部分是著名的前总统。
但1913至1938年间发行的野牛镍币，却是为了纪念由美国拓居引起的两起相互关联的悲剧──野牛群的灭绝和美洲印第安人的毁灭。
此前一直是白人被用作美国镍币上的模特，而著名的艺术家詹姆斯·厄尔·弗雷泽却反传统而行之，起用了三名真正的美洲印第安人作为自己创作的原型。由于大草原上不再有野牛漫步，弗雷泽为了镍币另一面上的野牛，只好到纽约中央公园的动物园里素描一只老野牛。
两年后，即1915年，此牛以100美元的价格售出，然后被宰杀取肉、剥皮，牛角制成了墙上的装饰品。
山姆大叔
美国独立战争时期，14岁的山姆·威尔逊离家出走，加入父亲和哥哥们的行列，为美国殖民地独立于英国而战。
23岁时，他开始从事肉类加工业，并因为人诚实、工作勤奋而赢得声誉。
此后在1812年的战争中，威尔逊获得了一个职位，为美国军队检验肉食。他的合伙人和美国
政府签订了一份合同，给军队提供肉食。送到军队的肉桶上面都印有EA‐US标志，EA代表公司名，US代表原产国。
传说有一回，有个政府官员来参观加工厂，问及这些字母的含义，一个想象力丰富的雇员告诉他，“US”是“山姆大叔”威尔逊的缩写。
很快，士兵们都说所有的军需品都来自“山姆大叔”。
战后，政治漫画里开始出现一个名叫“山姆大叔”的人物。他的原型是一个早期漫画人物，名叫乔纳森大哥，此人在美国独立战争时期非常出名。
很快，山姆大叔就取代了乔纳森大哥，成了最受美国人欢迎的象征。最令人难忘的山姆大叔的画像是由画家詹姆斯?蒙哥马利?弗拉格创作的，用在两次世界大战期间他画的很多著名的征兵招贴画上。
山姆大叔的形象是：高个子，白头发，下巴上有一小撮白胡子，身着深蓝色外套，头戴一顶高帽，上有星星点缀。这模样其实就是弗拉格的自画像
第五单元 Graceful Hands
I have never seen Mrs. Clark before, but I know from her medical chart and the report I received from the preceding shift that tonight she will die
.The only light in her room is coming from a piece of medical equipment, which is flashing its red light as if in warning. As I stand there, the smell hits my nose, and I close my eyes as I remember the smell of decay from past experience. In my mouth I have a sour, vinegar taste coming from the pit of my stomach. I reach for the light switch, and as it silently lights the scene, I return to the bed to observe the patient with an unemotional, medical eye.
Mrs. Clark is dying. She lies motionless: the head seems unusually large on a skeleton body; the skin is dark yellow and hangs loosely around exaggerated bones that not even a blanket can hide; the right arm lies straight out at the side, taped cruelly to a board to secure a needle so that fluid may drip in;the left arm is across the sunken chest, which rises and falls with the uneven breaths.
I reach for the long, thin fingers that are lying on the chest. They are ice cold, and I quickly move to the wrist and feel for the faint pulse. Mrs. Clark"s eyes open somewhat as her head turns toward me slightly. I bend close to her and scarcely hear as she whispers, \of water from the table, I put my finger over the end of the straw and allow a few drops of the cool moisture to slide into her mouth and ease her thirst. She makes no attempt to swallow; there is just not enough strength. \manage to swallow some liquid and weakly says, \
She is too weak for conversation, so without asking, I go about providing for her needs. Picking her up in my arms like a child, I turn her on her side. Naked, except for a light hospital gown, she is so very small and light that she seems like a victim of some terrible famine. I remove the lid from a jar of skin cream and put some on the palm of my hand. Carefully, to avoid injuring her, I rub cream into the yellow skin, which rolls freely over the bones, feeling perfectly the outline of each bone in the back. Placing a pillow between her legs, I notice that these too are ice cold, and not until I run my hand up over her knees do I feel any of the life-giving warmth of blood.
When I am finished, I pull a chair up beside the bed to face her and, taking her free hand betweenmine, again notice the long, thin fingers. Graceful. I wonder briefly if she has any family, and then I see that there are neither flowers, nor pictures of rainbows and butterflies drawn by children, nor cards. There is no hint in the room anywhere that this is a person who is loved. As
though she is a mind reader, Mrs. Clark answers my thoughts and quietly tells me, \family ... home ... tonight ...didn"t want ... them ... to see ...\ Having spent her last ounce of strength she cannot go on, but I have understood what she has done. Not knowing what to say, I say nothing. Again she seems to sense mythoughts, \ou …stay …\
Time seems to stand still. In the total silence, I feel my own pulse quicken and hear my breathing as it begins to match hers, breath for uneven breath. Our eyes meet and somehow, together, we become aware that this is a special moment between two human beings ... Her long fingers curl easily around my hand and I nod my head slowly, smiling. Without words, through yellowed eyes, I receive my thank you and her eyes slowly close.
Some unknown interval of time passes before her eyes open again, only this time there is no response in them, just a blank stare. Without warning, her shallow breathing stops, and within a few moments,the faint pulse is also gone. One single tear flows from her left eye, across the cheek and down onto the pillow. I begin to cry quietly. There is a swell of emotion within me for this stranger who so quicklycame into and went from my life. Her suffering is done, yet so is the life. Slowly, still holding her hand, I become aware that I do not mind this emotional battle, that in fact, it was a privilege she has allowed me, and I would do it again, gladly. Mrs. Clark spared her family an episode that perhaps they were not equipped to handle and instead shared it with me. She had not wanted to have her family see her die,yet she did not want to die alone. No one should die alone, and I am glad I was there for her.
Two days later, I read about Mrs. Clark in the newspaper. She was the mother of seven,grandmother of eighteen, an active member of her church, a leader of volunteer associations in her community, a concert piano player, and a piano teacher for over thirty years
.Yes, they were long and graceful fingers.我从未见过克拉克夫人，但看过她的医疗记录和上一位值班医生交给我的报告后，我知道她今晚会去世。
她屋里唯一的光线来自一台医疗设备，它闪着红光，似乎在发出警告。我站在那里，一股怪味刺激着我的鼻子，我想起了过去闻到过的腐烂的气味，我闭上了眼睛。我嘴里有一股从胃里返上来的酸味。
我伸手去开灯。灯静静地照亮了整个病房，我走回病床边，用无动于衷的、医生的目光观察着病人。
克拉克夫人已奄奄一息了。
她一动不动地躺着：骨瘦如柴的身体使她的头显得特别大；皮肤呈暗黄色，松松地裹在嶙峋的、连毛毯也遮掩不住的骨骼上；她的右臂平伸在床边，被无情地用胶带固定在一块板上，以便能固定针头使液体滴入；左臂横放在深陷的胸部，胸口随着不均匀的呼吸一起一伏。我伸手去触摸她放在胸口的细长手指。
冰凉冰凉的。我忙将手移到她的手腕，去感觉那微弱的脉搏。克拉克夫人将头稍稍转向我，微微地睁开眼。
我俯过身去，勉强听见她微弱的声音：“水。”
我从桌上拿起一杯水，用手指封着吸管的一端，滴了几滴凉凉的水到她的嘴里，以缓解她的干渴。
她没有用力去吞咽，因为力气不够。
“还要，”那干涩的声音说。
于是我们又重复了一次。这次她终于咽了一些，并轻轻说了声：“谢谢，你。”她虚弱得没法交谈，因此没等她要求，我就开始做她所需要的。
我像抱孩子似的把她抱起来，给她翻了个身。
除了一件浅色的病号服，她什么也没穿。她又小又轻，像遭受了严重饥荒一样。我打开护肤霜的瓶盖，揩了一些在手心。为了不伤着她，我小心翼翼地把护肤霜擦在她发黄的皮肤上。她的皮肤松松地在骨头上滑动，背上每块骨头的轮廓都能清楚地摸到。
当我把枕头放在她两腿之间时，发现它们也是冰凉的，直到把手移到她膝盖以上的部位，我才感受到血液供给生命的热度。
而后，我挪了把椅子面朝她坐在床边，握住她那只没被固定的手，此时我又一次注意到她细长的手指。
很优雅。一时间，我突然想知道她是否有家庭，接着我发现病房里没有花，没有孩子们画的彩虹和蝴蝶，也没有卡片。
房间中没有任何迹象表明她是一个被人爱着的人。
她似乎读懂了我的心思，平静地回答我说：“今天??我让??家里人??都??回家??不想??他们??看见??”
她耗尽了最后的那点力气，再也说不下去了。但我已然明白她做了些什么。我不知道说什么好，所以什么也没说。
她好像又看穿了我的心思：“你??留下??”时间似乎停滞了。在一片寂静中，我感觉自己的脉搏加快了，我听到自己的呼吸开始伴随着她那不均匀的呼吸一起一落。
我们互相对视，不知怎么的，我们都意识到，这是两个生命间的一个特殊时刻。
她那细长的手指很轻易地就拢住了我的手，我微笑着慢慢点了点头。
无需任何语言，我从她发黄的眼睛中感受到了她对我的谢意，她慢慢闭上了眼睛。
不知过了多长时间，她又睁开了双眼，只是这一次目光里没有任何反应，只有空洞的凝视。没有一点先兆，她那细弱的呼吸停止了。很快，微弱的脉搏也消失了。一颗泪珠从她的左眼中流出，滑过脸颊，落在枕上。我开始轻声哭泣。
对这位迅速走进又走出我生活的陌生人，我心间涌起了一股感情。她的痛苦结束了，可她的生命也结束了。
我依然握着她的手，渐渐地，我意识到我并不害怕这种感情之战，意识到这实际是她赐予我的特殊荣幸，而且我还乐意再来一次。
克拉克夫人没有让她的家人目睹这一幕他们或许无力面对的人生插曲，却与我分享了它。她不想让家人看着她死去，然而她也不愿孤独地离去。不应当有人孤独离去的，我很高兴能守候在她身边。
两天后，我在报上读到了克拉克夫人的消息。
原来她是7个孩子的母亲、18个孩子的祖母、教会里的活跃分子、社区志愿者协会的领导人、音乐会钢琴演奏家、从教30余年的钢琴教师。是啊，她的手指是那样细长而优雅
第六单元 How to Prepare for Earthquakes
Ideally, people would like to know when an earthquake is going to happen and how bad it will be. In both Japan and China, people have long believed that earthquakes can be forecast. In Japan, scientists have wired the Earth and sea to detect movements. The Chinese have traditionally watched animals and plants for warning signs of earthquakes. For example, the Chinese have noted that before an earthquake, hens" behavior changes — they refuse to enter their cages at night.
They have also noticed that snakes come out of the ground to freeze to death and that dogs bark a lot, even normally quiet dogs. Before the Hanshin earthquake in Japan, there were reports of large schools of fish swimming near the surface of the water. Certain birds, like pigeons, also seemed to be especially noisy, and were reported to be flying in unusual patterns before the earthquake. Perhaps most interesting, and most easily measured, is a chemical change in ground water before a quake. Experimental data seem to indicate that the amount of radon (Rn) in the water under the surface of the Earth waxes before an earthquake
People would also like to be able to prevent the great destruction of property caused by earthquakes.After all, most of the people who die in earthquakes are killed by falling buildings. Therefore, building structures that can withstand the power of earthquakes is a major concern. Steel seems to be the best material, but not if it is welded to form a rigid structure. Many new structures are built with a new type of steel joint, an I-joint, which appears to be the most durable type of joint. These joints of steel can move without breaking. Also, to prevent property damage, architects now design buildings so that the building"s columns and horizontal beams are of equal strength, and vertical support columns are inserted deep into solid soil. In addition, many new houses have relatively light roofs and strong walls. Concrete pillars for highway bridges that previously only had steel rods inside are now enclosed in steel
.Besides working to improve building structures, people in areas where earthquakes are common need to prepare for the possibility of a great earthquake. They should regularly check and reinforce their homes, place heavy objects in low positions, attach cupboards and cabinets to walls, and fasten doors so that they will not open accidentally during an earthquake.
In addition to preparing their houses, people in these regions need to prepare themselves. They should have supplies of water and food at home and at work. It is best to store several gallons of water per person. It is also important to have something that can clean water and kill bacteria, so water from other sources can be made safe to drink. Store one week"s food for each person. Earthquake survival supplies include a radio receiver, a torch, extra batteries, first-aid supplies, a spade, a tent, some rope,and warm clothing. Experts also suggest the following: Keep a fire extinguisher handy. You should have one at home, at work, and in your car (if you have one). The fire extinguisher should be able to put out any type of fire. Have the proper tools to turn off gas and water lines if necessary. Arrange an auxiliary cooking and heating source that can be used outside. One alternative is a portable camp stove with small cans of gas. Keep a pair of heavy,comfortable shoes or boots in your home, at work, and in your vehicle. If there is an earthquake, there will be lots of fragments of broken glass. Light shoes will not protect your feet as well as heavy shoes will.
Every family needs to have earthquake emergency plans. How will family members leave the area during the chaos following an earthquake? Everyone should agree on a meeting point outside of the area — perhaps in a town several miles away. Also important is an arrangement for family members to communicate if there is an earthquake. If an earthquake happens in a large city, many of the telephone lines within the city are likely to be down. The few remaining working lines will be busy with the calls that naturally occur after a disaster and it will be difficult to call from one part of the city to another. It might, however, be possible to call outside the city. A sensible arrangement is to have all of the members of the family call to check in with a friend or relative who lives more than a hundred miles away.
Although scientists still cannot predict earthquakes, they are learning a great deal about how
the large plates in the earth"s crust move, the stresses between plates, how earthquakes work, and the general probability that a given place will have an earthquake. Someday soon it may actually become possible to predict earthquakes with accuracy. However, even if prediction becomes possible, people who live in areas where earthquakes are a common occurrence will still have to do their best to prevent disasters by building structures that are resistant to ground movement and by being personally prepared. These precautions can make a great difference in saving lives and preventing the loss of homes. Education concerning how to survive an earthquake should be a major emphasis for all government programs and earthquake-related research projects.
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